There are 6 messages in this issue.
Topics in this digest:
1. Metals firmer as oil pushes above $71
From: "janson2997" janson1997@yahoo.com
2. The local energy revolution
From: "janson2997" janson1997@yahoo.com
3. The local energy revolution
From: "janson2997" janson1997@yahoo.com
4. World to be even hotter by century’s end
From: "janson2997" janson1997@yahoo.com
5. Distributed Generation -Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
From: "janson2997" janson1997@yahoo.com
6. Overcoming Energy Security Concerns through Technology-led
From: "janson2997" janson1997@yahoo.com
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Message 1
From: "janson2997" janson1997@yahoo.com
Date: Fri May 26, 2006 4:43am(PDT)
Subject: Metals firmer as oil pushes above $71
Metals firmer as oil pushes above $71
By Chris Flood
Published: May 26 2006 12:31 | Last updated: May 26 2006 12:31
Oil prices climbed back above $71 a barrel as prices pushed higher
after US GDP data released in the previous session pointed to demand
remaining robust. Sentiment has been bolstered by the release of US
government forecasts for another active hurricane seaason during the
week.
ADVERTISEMENT
Traders also said short-positions were being closed out ahead of the
long weekend which marks the start of the US summer driving season
with the Memorial Day holiday on Monday.
IPE Brent for July delivery gained 41 cents to $71.11 a barrel while
Nymex July West Texas Intermediate added 37 cents to $71.69 a barrel
in electronic trade. Traders said short-positions were being closed
out ahead of the long weekend.
Gold traded at $651.50 a troy ounce, slightly firmer than New York's
late quote of $649.80 a troy ounce on Thursday. Dealers said gold was
looking for direction from the dollar with key US inflation data (the
core-personal consumption expenditure deflator - the Fed's preferred
measure) on the due for release later in the session.
In spite of the recent market turmoil, Daniel Sacks, head of
resources at Investec Asset Management said it was not the end of
gold's bull run as none of the fundamentals drivers had changed such
as concerns over inflation, oil prices and the US twin deficits in
trade and government finances.
"Political and economic upheavals are the meat and drink of gold bull
runs," said Daniel Sacks: "if gold stays in favour as a risk-
diversifying asset class, there could be far more upside as investors
look for safe havens and the market discovers there is so much money
ansd so little gold supply."
Silver traded at $12.64 a troy ounce while platinum was at $1,290 a
troy ounce.
Copper was firmer at $8,145 a tonne but trading volumes continued to
be thin after the recent turmoil.
"Although it is unclear how long the current level of volatility will
persist, not only among base metals but the other major commodities,
it is certain that this atmosphere of edginess will remain until a
fundmanentally sound direction in the markets is established," said
Peter Richardson, chief metals economist at Deutsche Bank.
Regulators have taken steps to try and limit the voltility being
experienced in trading.
The New York Mercantile Exchange was due to raise the margins
required to trade on copper futures contracts next week and the
Shanghai Futures Exchange has already done so.
Bloomsbury Mineral Economics (BME) said a growing copper deficit was
likely for the second quarter as sales from the China State Reserve
Bureau stock pile now appear to have ended. BME said that adjusting
for movements in SRB stocks in the first quarter suggested the market
was in deficit by 45,000 to 55,000 tonnes in the first quarter.
"If Bloomsbury is correct, and the copper deficit continues to grow
then we feel volatile high prices are likely to remain a feature of
the market in the coming months," said John Meyer of Numis
Securities.
Nickel traded at $22,150 a tonne, within striking distance of this
week's record high at $22,350.
Zinc traded at $3,585 a tonne while aluminium was at $2,766.5 a
tonne.
http://news.ft.com/cms/s/076d9bc2-ecaa-11da-a307-0000779e2340.html
j2997
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Message 2
From: "janson2997" janson1997@yahoo.com
Date: Fri May 26, 2006 4:45am(PDT)
Subject: The local energy revolution
The local energy revolution
Peter Franklin
May 26, 2006 12:25 PM
http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/peter_franklin/2006/05/energyillit
erate_ministers_can.html
On last week's Question Time, Harriet Harman informed the audience
that nuclear energy supplies between 20% and 25% of our energy. The
next day, another government minister, Caroline Flint, made much the
same claim on BBC Radio 4's Any Questions.
I don't suppose either minister was deliberately lying. And I'll
discount the possibility that they had been briefed by liars
determined to deceive the public. But that leaves just one
explanation: that both are ignorant of the basic facts of Britain's
energy situation.
It so happens that nuclear supplies less than 5% of our energy.
Harman and Flint got it so wrong because they made the elementary
error of confusing energy with electricity. Nuclear supplies around
20% of our electricity, which in turn accounts for only about 20% of
Britain's energy demand. The rest is mostly made up of heating and
transport fuels (to which nuclear makes no contribution whatsoever).
Clearly, this is a vital distinction, and by blurring it, ministers
paint a wholly misleading picture.
The awful truth is that most of our politicians are energy
illiterate. If they demonstrated similar levels of ignorance in
economic matters they would not be taken seriously. But as the issue
at hand is a matter of real science rather than the dismal science,
ministers can get away with making sombre statements about the "need"
for nuclear, while we in the audience either nod or shake our heads
in equally sombre reaction.
As a result, everyone misses the point. Energy policy is dominated by
a debate over whether we should replace nuclear's 4% share of supply.
It's time to think bigger than that.
Or, rather, we ought to be thinking small - because the technologies
that could really solve our energy problems are at the opposite end
of the scale from the nuclear behemoth. What I'm referring to goes
under a number of names: microgeneration, micropower and distributed
energy are among them. But let's keep it simple and call it local
energy.
The boiler in your house is one example of local energy. But what if
it generated electricity as well as heat? Domestic combined heat and
power (CHP) systems are already on the market for larger houses. They
cost more than an ordinary boiler but pay back the investment by
generating electricity for less than it costs from the grid. Even
better, you can sell the surplus back to the grid. Or at least, you
could if the regulatory structures weren't so obstructive. And
therein lies the rub.
Few people associate Greenpeace with the drive to reduce regulation
and open up markets to free competition, but that is exactly the
approach they take in their groundbreaking report Decentralising
Power: An Energy Revolution for the 21st Century.
This documents all the ways in which government, in cosy partnership
with the utility companies, frustrates the development of local
energy. For instance, if you want to put a satellite dish on your
roof, it is easy to do. If, however, you want to install a wind
turbine of the same size, you have to apply for planning permission.
It should be said that some local energy technologies are not yet
ready to compete in the open market, but many of them are - if only
they were given a fair chance. Indeed, if the government were to
extend the favours it gives to centralised energy to the local
alternative, we could see the emergence of an entirely new paradigm.
There would be no more national grid: local energy networks would
provide a cheaper, more stable replacement. Worried about the
intermittency of some renewables? Then let your domestic CHP system
switch from heat to electricity production when the wind isn't
blowing or the sun isn't shining. As for carbon emissions, let's cut
them down by cutting out the centralised power stations that cannot
help but waste the heat they by-produce from fossil fuels.
In the future, the possibilities of local energy will multiply. Vijay
Vaitheeswaran, energy correspondent for the Economist, foresees a
future in which fuel cell-driven cars export power to the local grid
while they are parked in the evening but then charge themselves up
overnight to take advantage of off-peak electricity prices. In other
words, local energy has the capacity to create a truly free market in
which energy supply and demand can be managed without the need for
corporate or regulatory bureaucracy.
Vaitheeswaran's book on the subject is entitled Power to the People,
hinting at an emerging alliance between the green left and the
conservative right. It may seem unlikely, but they do have a common
interest in local energy and a common enemy in the form the corporate
interests that currently dominate energy policy.
Consider the combined forces of the New Labour government, the DTI,
Ofgen and the utility companies: an army of politicians, civil
servants, regulators and executives, not one of whom will suffer the
slightest career damage if local energy fails to progress. Now,
consider the opportunities and incentives that these individuals have
to actively oppose the development of local energy.
I hope, therefore, you can see why old adversaries should unite to
smash this oligarchy and allow local energy to achieve its full
potential.
http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/peter_franklin/2006/05/energyillit
erate_ministers_can.html.printer.friendly
http://tinyurl.com/zcbb2
j2997
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Message 3
From: "janson2997" janson1997@yahoo.com
Date: Fri May 26, 2006 4:46am(PDT)
Subject: The local energy revolution
The local energy revolution
Peter Franklin
May 26, 2006 12:25 PM
http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/peter_franklin/2006/05/energyillit
erate_ministers_can.html
On last week's Question Time, Harriet Harman informed the audience
that nuclear energy supplies between 20% and 25% of our energy. The
next day, another government minister, Caroline Flint, made much the
same claim on BBC Radio 4's Any Questions.
I don't suppose either minister was deliberately lying. And I'll
discount the possibility that they had been briefed by liars
determined to deceive the public. But that leaves just one
explanation: that both are ignorant of the basic facts of Britain's
energy situation.
It so happens that nuclear supplies less than 5% of our energy.
Harman and Flint got it so wrong because they made the elementary
error of confusing energy with electricity. Nuclear supplies around
20% of our electricity, which in turn accounts for only about 20% of
Britain's energy demand. The rest is mostly made up of heating and
transport fuels (to which nuclear makes no contribution whatsoever).
Clearly, this is a vital distinction, and by blurring it, ministers
paint a wholly misleading picture.
The awful truth is that most of our politicians are energy
illiterate. If they demonstrated similar levels of ignorance in
economic matters they would not be taken seriously. But as the issue
at hand is a matter of real science rather than the dismal science,
ministers can get away with making sombre statements about the "need"
for nuclear, while we in the audience either nod or shake our heads
in equally sombre reaction.
As a result, everyone misses the point. Energy policy is dominated by
a debate over whether we should replace nuclear's 4% share of supply.
It's time to think bigger than that.
Or, rather, we ought to be thinking small - because the technologies
that could really solve our energy problems are at the opposite end
of the scale from the nuclear behemoth. What I'm referring to goes
under a number of names: microgeneration, micropower and distributed
energy are among them. But let's keep it simple and call it local
energy.
The boiler in your house is one example of local energy. But what if
it generated electricity as well as heat? Domestic combined heat and
power (CHP) systems are already on the market for larger houses. They
cost more than an ordinary boiler but pay back the investment by
generating electricity for less than it costs from the grid. Even
better, you can sell the surplus back to the grid. Or at least, you
could if the regulatory structures weren't so obstructive. And
therein lies the rub.
Few people associate Greenpeace with the drive to reduce regulation
and open up markets to free competition, but that is exactly the
approach they take in their groundbreaking report Decentralising
Power: An Energy Revolution for the 21st Century.
This documents all the ways in which government, in cosy partnership
with the utility companies, frustrates the development of local
energy. For instance, if you want to put a satellite dish on your
roof, it is easy to do. If, however, you want to install a wind
turbine of the same size, you have to apply for planning permission.
It should be said that some local energy technologies are not yet
ready to compete in the open market, but many of them are - if only
they were given a fair chance. Indeed, if the government were to
extend the favours it gives to centralised energy to the local
alternative, we could see the emergence of an entirely new paradigm.
There would be no more national grid: local energy networks would
provide a cheaper, more stable replacement. Worried about the
intermittency of some renewables? Then let your domestic CHP system
switch from heat to electricity production when the wind isn't
blowing or the sun isn't shining. As for carbon emissions, let's cut
them down by cutting out the centralised power stations that cannot
help but waste the heat they by-produce from fossil fuels.
In the future, the possibilities of local energy will multiply. Vijay
Vaitheeswaran, energy correspondent for the Economist, foresees a
future in which fuel cell-driven cars export power to the local grid
while they are parked in the evening but then charge themselves up
overnight to take advantage of off-peak electricity prices. In other
words, local energy has the capacity to create a truly free market in
which energy supply and demand can be managed without the need for
corporate or regulatory bureaucracy.
Vaitheeswaran's book on the subject is entitled Power to the People,
hinting at an emerging alliance between the green left and the
conservative right. It may seem unlikely, but they do have a common
interest in local energy and a common enemy in the form the corporate
interests that currently dominate energy policy.
Consider the combined forces of the New Labour government, the DTI,
Ofgen and the utility companies: an army of politicians, civil
servants, regulators and executives, not one of whom will suffer the
slightest career damage if local energy fails to progress. Now,
consider the opportunities and incentives that these individuals have
to actively oppose the development of local energy.
I hope, therefore, you can see why old adversaries should unite to
smash this oligarchy and allow local energy to achieve its full
potential.
http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/peter_franklin/2006/05/energyillit
erate_ministers_can.html.printer.friendly
http://tinyurl.com/zcbb2
j2997
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Message 4
From: "janson2997" janson1997@yahoo.com
Date: Fri May 26, 2006 7:33am(PDT)
Subject: World to be even hotter by century’s end
World to be even hotter by century's end
If Earth's past cycles of warming and cooling are any indication,
temperatures by the end of the century will be even hotter than
current climate models predict, according to a report by University
of California, Berkeley, researchers.
The scientists based their conclusion on a study of Antarctic ice
cores containing a 360,000-year record of global temperature and
levels of carbon dioxide and methane - two of the major greenhouse
gases implicated in global warming. They found that during periods of
warming, greenhouse gas levels rose and created significantly higher
temperatures than would be expected solely from the increased
intensity of sunlight that triggered these warm periods.
Though the ice core data do not point to specific processes that
amplify the warming, the researchers suspect that it is due to warmer
soils and oceans giving off more CO2 and methane, which add to the
greenhouse effect of CO2 from fossil fuel burning and other human
activities.
Thus, while current models predict temperature increases of 1.5 to
4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) from a doubling
of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, the natural processes injecting
more CO2 into the atmosphere will lead to temperature increases of
1.6 to 6 degrees Celsius (2.9 to 10.8 degrees Fahrenheit), with the
higher temperatures more likely, the researchers said.
"We are underestimating the magnitude of warming because we are
ignoring the extra carbon dioxide dumped into the atmosphere because
of warming," said John Harte, UC Berkeley professor of energy and
resources and of environmental science, policy & management. "Warming
gets an extra kick from CO2 feedback."
"The warming caused by our release of CO2 triggers changes in the
Earth system that lead to release of more CO2 to the atmosphere,"
added co-author Margaret Torn, a UC Berkeley adjunct associate
professor of energy and resources and staff scientist at Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory. "If that is the case, then every bit of
CO2 release now is actually committing us to a larger CO2 change in
the atmosphere."
The result, Harte and Torn conclude in their paper, is "that the
upper value of warming that is projected for the end of the 21st
century, 5.8ºC [10.4ºF], could be increased to 7.7ºC [13.9ºF], or
nearly 2ºC additional warming."
The report is scheduled for publication in the May 26 issue of
Geophysical Research Letters. That issue also will contain an article
that looks at the same effect over a shorter time scale, confirming
the amplification reported by Harte and Torn and suggesting that it
may be even greater.
Current climate models, called General Circulation Models, start from
fundamental physical processes to calculate a probable temperature
increase based on likely atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, typically
a doubling of today's CO2 concentration. These models also include
feedback mechanisms that boost or moderate warming, such as the
increased heat absorption expected when highly reflective ice sheets
and glaciers melt; or the effect of more atmospheric water vapor on
the formation of clouds, which both reflect sunlight and insulate the
Earth.
But models are only now beginning to take into account the extra
carbon dioxide and methane injected into the atmosphere as global
temperatures increase. Though this is expected because warmer soils
decompose faster, releasing more CO2, and because warmer oceans
outgas more CO2, scientists have yet to quantify the full impact of
these processes.
"Without a mechanism, people feel uncomfortable putting these
processes in a model. I think that's a big mistake," Harte said.
Luckily, it's possible to estimate the effect of CO2 feedback by
looking at how the Earth responded to past cycles of warming and
cooling, which were caused by natural variations in the strength of
sunlight hitting Earth, rather than by human production of greenhouse
gases. Ice cores drilled in the Vostok ice sheet in 1998 and 1999 by
Russia, France and the United States span nearly 420,000 years and
carry information about four major climate cycles and many smaller
temperature swings. In 1999, scientists measured CO2 and methane
levels from gas trapped in bubbles in the ice, and have estimated
global temperature based on oxygen isotope and deuterium ratios. UC
Berkeley's Kurt Cuffey, professor of geography and earth and
planetary science, updated these measurements in 2001.
Climate scientists immediately saw that the ice core data imply a
strong positive feedback to global CO2 and methane levels, but how
much this impacted warming trends was unclear.
Harte, a physicist by training, and Torn devised a way to use these
data and current global climate models to estimate the effect of
increased CO2 entering the atmosphere as a result of warming, called
the "gain," analogous to the gain of an electronic amplifier - the
factor by which output power increases. From Cuffey's data, Harte and
Torn were able to extract the effect of temperature on CO2 and
methane levels. They calculated the reverse - the effect of CO2 and
methane levels on temperature, or the so-called climate sensitivity -
from climate models, using a number consistent with a new estimate
published in the April 20 issue of Nature.
Harte and Torn added the resultant gains from CO2 and methane to the
gain already known for other climate feedbacks, in particular the
largest source, increased atmospheric water vapor, to get a total
gain that they used to calculate the temperature increase that would
result from a doubling of current CO2 levels.
Both researchers emphasize that the large temperature range they
predict - 1.6 to 6 degrees Celsius - does not mean that we have an
equal chance of ending up with less warming as with greater warming.
In other words, it doesn't mean that the uncertainties are symmetric
about an average increase of 3.8ºC.
"People see this uncertainty and think that we have an equal
probability of dodging a bullet as catching it. That is a fallacy,"
Torn said.
"By giving the appearance of symmetric feedback, people have an
excuse to say, 'Maybe we don't have to worry so much,'" Harte
said. "But while there are uncertainties in the feedbacks, all the
major feedbacks are positive, meaning they would increase warming,
and we know of no significant negative feedbacks that would slow
warming."
While Harte acknowledges that the future may not look like past
periods of global warming, "in the absence of contradictory evidence,
we have to assume the future will respond like the past."
"Whatever the mechanisms that cause temperature to create a change in
CO2 and methane, they are repeatable again and again and again over
many cooling and warming cycles. So, although the world is different
today than it was then, we don't have a basis for ignoring them,"
Torn added.
Harte has been conducting studies on experimental plots in the Rocky
Mountains that would quantify the effect of warmer temperatures on
soil carbon. He and his colleagues found that artificially heated
plots lost significant soil carbon to the atmosphere as CO2, compared
to control plots. Thus, he said, the effect of heating on the carbon
cycle in his plots is to generate a positive feedback, though he
noted that this might be a short-term effect. The long term effect,
however, is unknown, as is the effect of warming in other habitats.
"We need to know the effect of warmer temperatures in all different
habitats, not just temperate Rocky Mountain forests but also the
tropics and European boreal forests and Eastern U.S. deciduous
forests and savanna and prairie. There are huge data gaps," he said.
Torn noted, however, that humans are the biggest unknown.
"To predict the future, you have to guess how much CO2 levels will go
up. That depends on the biggest uncertainty of all - what humans
decide to do. Do we get smart and prevent CO2 emissions? Do we
continue with business as usual? Or will we end up somewhere in
between?"
The work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Climate
Change Research Division and by the National Science Foundation.
Weitere Informationen: www.berkeley.edu
http://www.innovations-
report.de/html/berichte/geowissenschaften/bericht-60303.html
http://tinyurl.com/q8gs8
j2997
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Message 5
From: "janson2997" janson1997@yahoo.com
Date: Fri May 26, 2006 8:08am(PDT)
Subject: Distributed Generation -Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Distributed Generation -Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Mark C. Williams' and Hansraj C. Marut
.U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory
3610 Collins Ferry Road, Morgantown, WV 26507-0880
bFuelCell Energy, Inc.
3 Great Pasture Road, Danbury, CT 06813
A
bstract: High efficiency and ultra-clean molten carbonate fuel cell
(MCFC) technology development by FuelCel1 Energy, with support from
the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), has progressed to commercial
power plants for stationary applications such as distributed
generation. Lessons learned from this development will
also be valuable to DOE for the ongoing Solid State Energy Conversion
Alliance (SECA) solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) development and cost
reduction, for fuel cell turbine hybrids, and for hydrogen economy
development with FutureGen.
Keywods: molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), distributed generation,
Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA), solid oxide fuel cell
(SOFC), Fuel Cell Turbine Hybrids.
http://fce.com/downloads/distributed_generation.pdf
(8pages)
j2997
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Message 6
From: "janson2997" janson1997@yahoo.com
Date: Fri May 26, 2006 8:10am(PDT)
Subject: Overcoming Energy Security Concerns through Technology-led
Initiatives
Overcoming Energy Security Concerns through Technology-led
Initiatives
5.25.06 Pradeep Roy, Senior Consultant, Energy & Utilities, Infosys
Technologies Ltd
Sachin Kumar, Consultant, Energy & Utilities, Infosys Technologies
Limited
Energy is a key building block for sustaining any nation's socio-
economic development. As the global economy continues to grow, global
energy needs as well as global emissions will increase by approx 60%
between 2004 and 2030 as per the World Energy Outlook 2004 published
by the International Energy Agency. Policy makers in developed as
well as developing countries have realized that economic security of
a nation has direct linkage with its energy security; hence for the
sustainable growth of an economy it is essential to ensure the
availability of dependable and affordable energy sources. Table 1
highlights the linkages between issues relating to energy security,
their adverse impact and the mitigation measures.
An article titled "What's next for Big Oil?" recently published in
the McKinsey Quarterly mentions that the major oil companies are
struggling to replenish their reserves amid increased competition for
new sources of petroleum. Figure 1 gives a graphical view of the
Ratio of reserves added (excluding acquisitions) to reserves produced
in given year; for major oil companies.
Nations are now encouraging pragmatic energy policies and
implementing state-of-the-art technology to mitigate the harsh
economic impact of volatile energy prices, global climate change and
to manage their energy security requirements. We believe that
technology innovations can significantly contribute towards the
development of clean, efficient, affordable energy sources over the
longer term, while continuing to contribute towards improving the
efficiency across various segments of the energy value chain.
Increasingly Information Technology (IT) is playing a role of a
facilitator in realizing complete benefits from such innovations.
Such technological breakthroughs will help countries manage the
energy needs of its population, grow their economies and reduce
poverty.
Approaches to enhance energy security
The US Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EP Act) lays down the guidelines to
incorporate alternative fuels and conserve energy. The goal of the EP
Act is to enhance USA's energy security. Several parts of the EP Act
are designed to encourage the use of alternative fuels to help reduce
U.S. dependence on imported oil.
Any step which contributes towards either creating new sources of
energy or helps in reducing energy consumption enhances energy
security. Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources like bio-
fuels, solar power and wind power through tax credits and other
incentives for such technology innovations will help in reducing our
dependence on fossil fuels whereby enhance energy independence.
Conservation and energy efficiency initiatives also contribute to
enhancing energy security as it results in using less energy for
undertaking the same tasks.
In the World Energy Council report on "Long-term energy Scenarios",
one of the ecologically driven scenarios described, appears to be the
ideal solution for achieving energy independence. This is a scenario
based on new renewable energy resources allowing a gradual phasing
out of most fossil fuel use and also creation of a new generation of
inherently safe small-scale nuclear reactors, which achieve public
and political support. The indicated possibilities over the next
century are huge; For instance, global fossil fuel dependency may
decline from its present 76% to scarcely 20%. There will also be huge
shifts lying behind these global figures. The present developing
countries that accounted for 34% of world primary energy consumption
in 1990 are expected to account for about 50% by 2020, at least 60%
by 2050, and over 70% by 2100.
Technology led energy security initiatives
In this paper we discuss a few of the outstanding technological
breakthroughs that are going to define the energy security strategy
in the 21st century. An environmentally sustainable energy system
necessitates technological breakthroughs, which can bring about a
paradigm shift in the way we extract, produce, deliver and use
energy. Harnessing energy successfully from various sources will
require advanced materials, new designs, and storage solutions.
Recent scientific advances in the field of Nanotechnology will
contribute significantly in developing advanced materials and
devices, which will enhance cost effectiveness and increase
operational effectiveness. Nanotechnology will induce efficiencies in
the entire energy value chain leading to substantial reduction in
energy demand and ecologically sound production of energy, which in
turn will lead to energy independence for energy consuming Nations.
In Power Transmission, a major challenge is to develop new
transmission line materials that are light in weight and have lower
transmission losses. Individual carbon nanotube fibers have an
electrical conductivity similar to or better than copper at only one-
sixth the weight and with negligible eddy current loss. Several
researchers have demonstrated that a carbon nanotube fiber bundle
could carry currents of 100 million amperes per square centimeter –
100 times the current carrying capacity of the best low temperature
superconductors. With current technology, losses in power
transmission lines are about 7% in the United States. Research has
shown that reducing these losses by 1% would result in annual energy
savings of 4×1010 kilowatt-hours – an annual energy savings roughly
equivalent to 24 million barrels of oil.
Fuel cells are a key enabling technology for many renewable energy
systems and represent a critical bridge between traditional fossil-
fuel energy systems and a clean, distributed and diverse energy
infrastructure. Fuel cells and the associated hydrogen-based energy
storage systems also provide a revolutionary opportunity to transform
our energy system from, one based on the instantaneous use of power
generation to one where energy can be efficiently stored and
dispatched.
In a fuel cell, hydrogen and ambient oxygen react electrochemically
to produce water and electricity, without emitting air pollutants or
greenhouse gases. In an electrochemical reaction there is no
combustion, so the efficiency can be far higher than existing
technologies. The only immediate products of the reaction are
electricity, water, and heat.
The most economical way to produce hydrogen at the present time is
from natural gas, through a process known as reforming that does lead
to small air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions. However,
hydrogen can also be produced from water and electricity, as well as
from biomass and green algae. If the electricity used to produce the
hydrogen is generated from renewable technologies, then the entire
energy cycle of producing the hydrogen and using it in a fuel cell to
produce electricity is air pollution and greenhouse gas emission
free.
Figure 3 below shows the history of fuels in global use and
envisioned Hydrogen-Energy future. The figure highlights the reducing
dependence on hydrocarbons as the primary energy source by 2100,
which will be substituted with increased usage of hydrogen.
Quantum computing can also significantly contribute towards improving
design and control aspects of energy management systems. These kinds
of computers run with very low energy consumption and are many times
faster than current silicon based computers. Quantum computing relies
on quantum physics by taking advantage of certain quantum physics
properties of atoms or nuclei that allow them to work together as
quantum bits, or qubits, to be the computer's processor and memory.
By interacting with each other while being isolated from the external
environment, qubits can perform certain calculations exponentially
faster than conventional computers with negligible energy consumption.
Artificial Intelligence in electrical power systems can contribute
significantly in demand side management (DSM). Unlike conventional
DSM programs where customers are encouraged to modify their level and
pattern of electricity usage, the intelligent systems would have
electronic intelligence such as a smart chip for every device hooked
to the grid, from power plants to substations to home appliances. The
continual communication and interplay of smart devices will optimize
the grid for economical rates, reliable service and environmentally
clean operations.
IT as a facilitator for realizing these technologies
Leveraging IT will increasingly be a critical lever for optimizing
existing fuel sources, developing new sources, operating and
maintaining assets, manufacturing equipment, delivery, and monitoring
energy use. IT could immensely contribute in the area of introducing
new devices that can operate in real-time, facilitate dynamic
pricing, risk management, demand side management, energy efficiency
and monitoring energy flows. Figure 4 provides a snapshot of the
energy supply & demand - IT imperative relationship in the energy
security space. We are observing an explosion of initiatives in the
drive to ensure energy security and IT has taken a center stage like
never before as a facilitator to realize the benefits from the state-
of-the-art technologies.
Contribution of IT to the energy value chain
In the following section we have provided some of the areas where IT
has been making significant contribution to the various segments of
the energy value towards enhancing energy security.
In the exploration & production segment, IT will facilitate improved
finding and recovery rates and drive efficiencies, for example in:
Estimating reservoir boundaries using of remote inference techniques.
Development of a reservoir simulation model able to accurately
predict the production capacity of a given reservoir.
Assist the line managers and corporate office function in tracking of
production operations.
Delivering new technologies and techniques to increase recovery and
reduce "dry holes".
In the refining segment, IT will improve plant operations, reduce
manpower requirements and drive efficiencies, for example:
Flexible software solution that supports refining operations will
help in managing plant assets more effectively.
IT enabled control systems will help in managing a plant's
operational and environmental performance characteristics and assist
in complying with government regulations.
Software solutions will help manage both sales and purchasing
operations. The system must facilitate the purchase of feedstocks;
help track feedstock and product inventories, demand forecast and
supports tracking of sales of a wide range of fuel outputs. Such
systems will have the ability to easily handle multiple product
origins, multiple units of measurement and multiple currencies.
In the network or delivery segment, IT will improve knowledge of
energy flows to optimize delivery, for example:
IT systems will help track energy flow, usage and losses and also
assist in handling contingencies which may occur for a variety of
operational and accounting-related reasons.
In the consumption or end-use segment, IT will be a key factor in
delivering advanced devices to enable demand side management and
reduce overall demand, for example devices such as:
Automatic Demand Controllers
Tools for monitoring equipment performance in energy-intensive
industries
Conclusion
By 2030, there is likely to be even further changes to the energy mix
and the way energy delivery systems operate. We are of the opinion
that advanced, efficient, cleaner, affordable energy technologies
will play a key role in managing the energy demand to improve energy
security and IT will be a key enabler in the implementation of all
such technology led solutions. IT and the state-of-the-art
technologies discussed in this article have a symbiotic relationship
as behind the successful development and deployment of these advanced
technologies is IT based systems without which it would be impossible
to derive the benefits from such technological breakthroughs.
With Diagrams & Charts
http://www.energypulse.net/centers/article/article_print.cfm?a_id=1270
j2997
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Yahoo! Groups Links
<*> To visit your group on the web, go to:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/fuelcell-energy/
A personal quest to promote the use of wind energy and hydrogen technology in the Great Lakes area of the United States. The Great Lakes area is in a unique position to become an energy exporting region through these and other renewable energy technologies. *Update 2014: Just do it everywhere - Dan*
Friday, May 26, 2006
[fuelcell-energy] Digest Number 1537
Energy Efficient Illinois
Our current energy use is like leaving your front door open in the middle of the winter: wasteful and unnecessarily expensive.
But just like you can close the door, there's a simple solution to reducing our energy use: making common products more energy efficient.
We need to stop wasting energy
Energy efficiency is the quickest, cheapest and cleanest way to get smart about energy use and cut down on the waste. We can start by passing statewide efficiency standards.
Dirty, dangerous, expensive sources
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A dirty mix: Fifty-four percent of Illinois' electrical generation relies on outdated fossil fuel technologies. The other 45 percent of our energy comes from nuclear power plants.
Dangerous byproducts: The power plants that supply our energy emit 64 percent of Illinois' deadly soot pollution, and create 120 tons of radioactive waste each year.
Rising costs: This winter, heating bills are expected to increase by 30 percent. On top of this, Illinoisans already pay five percent more for electricity than residents of other states.
The time is now
Strong voices for energy waste: But power companies like Midwest Generation, whose profits increase with our energy waste, hold a lot of weight in Springfield. In addition, manufacturers who make inefficient products need a push to begin making these items responsibly.
A clean, simple solution
 | |
|
Improving everyday products: We need to set standards so that things we all take for granted run more efficiently and use less energy. These standards would make use of existing technologies like those in Energy Star products.
Making a big difference now: Setting minimum efficiency standards is the cheapest, quickest, cleanest way to get us on the smart energy path right now. By 2020, we would save more energy than is used by Springfield and Naperville combined. By 2030, we would save over $1.7 billion and eliminate the need for several power plants.
Energy Efficiency Standards Bill
Most importantly, it would mean Illinois would use a lot less energy, and lllinois consumers would save billions of dollars. Thanks to the law of supply and demand, that would mean fewer price spikes. And as energy efficiency reduces the use of old, dirty power plants, that would mean cleaner air.
Fact sheet: Illinois Energy Efficiency Standards Act: Saving Energy, Money and the Environment 3/04
Shop for energy efficient products: The EPA has labeled many of these with an Energy Star.
Write to your newspaper: Write a letter to the editor of your local newspaper in support of minimum efficiency standards in Illinois.
Our next steps
Illinois PIRG will seek to further reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and promote smarter energy choices by:
• Setting energy efficiency codes for Illinois' buildings.
• Increasing funding for energy efficiency programs.
• Promoting the use of energy-efficient vehicles.
Read the report: Saving Energy, Money And The Environment: Energy Efficiency Standards For Illinois
News Releases
• With Energy Prices Rising, Illinois PIRG Calls for State Action 11/2/05
Reports
• Protecting Consumers from Rising Energy Costs: Real Solutions to Help Homeowners and Businesses Reduce Their Energy Bills, This Year and Beyond 11/2/05
• Saving Energy, Money And The Environment: Energy Efficiency Standards For Illinois 2/26/03
Turning Medicine Into Snake Oil
False and misleading prescription drug advertising is common and dangerous. Prescription drug marketers are inundating doctors, and to a lesser extent, the public, with marketing that misrepresents risks, promotes unproven uses, and makes unsubstantiated claims. The false and misleading messages are communicated through conventional advertising, sales representatives, doctors speaking on behalf of drug marketers, and through clinical trial suppression, manipulation and misrepresentation. Read the report. | Read the release.
False and misleading prescription drug advertising is common and dangerous. Prescription drug marketers are inundating doctors, and to a lesser extent, the public, with marketing that misrepresents risks, promotes unproven uses, and makes unsubstantiated claims. The false and misleading messages are communicated through conventional advertising, sales representatives, doctors speaking on behalf of drug marketers, and through clinical trial suppression, manipulation and misrepresentation. Read the report. | Read the release.
Join The Fight For Fair Utility Rates
Utility bills are expected to skyrocket for Illinois families next year, even though utility companies made record profits last year. State officials aren't holding energy companies, like ComEd/Exelon, accountable to set reasonable rates they charge consumers. Illinois PIRG is working to keep energy prices fair and affordable. More. | How you can help.
Utility bills are expected to skyrocket for Illinois families next year, even though utility companies made record profits last year. State officials aren't holding energy companies, like ComEd/Exelon, accountable to set reasonable rates they charge consumers. Illinois PIRG is working to keep energy prices fair and affordable. More. | How you can help.
Clean Energy Blueprint - IL-PIRG
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Expanding Deserts, Wildlife Crime Busters, Tropical Timber and More
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| Friday, May 26, 2006 | ||||||
ENN Weekly: May 22nd - 26th ENN rounds up the most important and compelling environmental news stories of the week. In the news May 22nd - 26th: Drilling in the ANWR, wildlife crime-busters, beachgoers at risk, Bush backs nukes, and much more. Subtropic Warming Could Mean Bigger Deserts, Study Shows Earth's atmosphere is warming faster over the subtropics than anywhere else, which could mean bigger deserts and more drought from Africa to Australia to the Middle East, researchers said Thursday. Southeast Asia Plans Wildlife Crime-Busting Units Special wildlife crime-busting units will form the core of Southeast Asia's first coordinated effort against the multi-billion-dollar illegal trade in animals and plants, officials said on Thursday. Report Says Tropical Timber is Better Protected, Not Safe Developing nations have got far better at protecting rain forests over the past two decades but are a long way short of doing enough to save the crucial global resource, a new report said on Thursday. U.S. House Votes for Oil Drilling in Alaska Refuge The U.S. House of Representatives Thursday approved a plan to allow oil drilling in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Drug Trade, Land Grabs Threaten Guatemala Rainforest The ancient Mayans abandoned their monumental cities in Central America's jungles over a thousand years ago, and many blame their civilization's collapse on massive deforestation. >>>More articles at ENN.com
ANWR Victory Big Step To Energy Independence By: the National Center for Policy Analysis The House voted today to allow the expansion of drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA) Senior Fellow H. Sterling Burnett says expanded drilling in ANWR will help increase domestic supplies of oil and gas as well as give the government an extra $111-173 billion in tax revenues and royalties from oil companies. Tomato Psyllids Cropping Up in Southern California By: UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program Tomato psyllids are spreading across the country, devastating crops in Colorado, Montana, Washington, and Ontario, Canada. In Baja, Mexico, growers lost more than 85 percent of their fresh market tomatoes in 2001. California populations originated from Mexico, but are now surviving year-round in San Diego, Orange and Ventura counties. The World After Oil Peaks By: Earth Policy Institute Few countries are planning a reduction of oil use. Even though peak oil may be imminent, most countries are counting on much higher oil consumption in the decades ahead, building automobile assembly plants, roads, highways, parking lots, and suburban housing developments as though cheap oil will last forever. New airliners are being delivered with the expectation that air travel and freight will expand indefinitely. Yet in a world of declining oil production, no country can use more oil except at the expense of others. Saving the World, 3-kW at a Time By: the Midland School Midland’s sophomore class learned the science and history of a finite and polluting fossil fuel-based economy, learned how solar panels work, and then helped install a 3-kW photovoltaic (PV) system that will meet another 3-4 percent of the campus’s electricity needs and prevent the emissions of 4 tons of CO2 into the atmosphere each year. Sportsmen Say Nation's Energy Policy "Is on the Wrong Track" Call for Action on Global Warming By: the National Wildlife Federation The majority of America's sportsmen say global warming is an urgent problem that needs immediate action, and they want clean energy solutions that create jobs and cut pollution from burning fossil fuels, a national poll of hunters and anglers reveals. Sierra Club And Center Move To Protect Palm Springs Pocket Mouse From Extinction By: the Center for Biological Diversity This species has lost most of its native habitat already and is one of the 27 species that would be afforded some protection under the Coachella Valley Multiple Species Habitat Conservation Plan (MSHCP). However, to move forward, the habitat plan needs approval by all the cities in the Valley, and in recent weeks some jurisdictions have expressed opposition to the plan. Linking Climate Change Across Time Scales By: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution What do month-to-month changes in temperature have to do with century-to-century changes in temperature? At first it might seem like not much, but in a report published in this week's Nature, scientists from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) have found some unifying themes in the global variations of temperature at time scales ranging from a single season to hundreds of thousands of years. These findings help place climate observed at individual places and times into a larger global and temporal context. The W2O Marks International Day of the Ocean With A New Sustainability Perspective By: Open Space Institute According to the United Nations, approximately three billion people - half of the world's population - live within 125 miles of a coastline. With these numbers on the rise, it is increasingly imperative to understand the connection between humanity and the waters that cover 71 percent of the earth's surface. June 8 has been declared the International Day of the Ocean, providing a time for the media to deliberate on the state of ocean affairs, and one organization - the World Ocean Observatory - is providing a new perspective on how to approach ocean sustainability in a changing world. Off Shore Drilling Defeated, Oil Addiction Continues By: the National Center for Policy Analysis The House defeated a proposal yesterday to allow off-shore drilling in U.S. coastal waters. National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA) Senior Fellow H. Sterling Burnett responded to the news by suggesting the president should send Congress back to the drawing board. For Every Season, Turn to the Year-Round Program By: UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program Since seasons dictate most farm activity, peach growers who have problems with agricultural pests look for advice on what time of year to monitor and time treatments to control them. If they consult the year-round Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program for peaches, they’ll find effective and environmentally sound ways to manage pests in their crops. Editor's Note : 'Network News' features press releases submitted directly by organizations in ENN's member network. This content is not specifically endorsed or supported by ENN and is not subjected to ENN's editorial process.
Latest Poll : Do you think the California spotted owl should be listed under the Endangered Species Act? Poll Results : "In the debate over the use of bearskin hats in Britain, should animal rights prevail over tradition" 74.14% - Yes 25.86% - No >>>Voice Your Opinion |
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| ENN is a Registered Trademark of the Environmental News Network, Inc. You are receiving this e-mail as an opt-in subscriber to the Environmental News Network newsletter. Please read our Privacy Policy for current and complete information. ENN adheres to a strict no-spam policy in accordance with the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003. | ||||||
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Great Lakes Daily News: 26 May 2006
A collaborative project of the Great Lakes Information Network and the Great
Lakes Radio Consortium.
For links to these stories and more, visit http://www.great-lakes.net/news/
Beach polluted? Check the flags
----------------------------------------
Chicago beaches open for the summer Friday with covered garbage cans, barking
dogs and other efforts aimed at reducing the number of swimming bans--including
a new policy that will keep water open despite elevated bacteria levels.
Source: Chicago Tribune (5/26)
Lamprey are target of DNR crews
----------------------------------------
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service personnel recently treated the Whitefish and
Rapid Rivers and some of the tributaries in Michigan with chemicals to kill sea
lampreys. Source: Escanaba Daily Press (5/26)
Virus ID'd as culprit in 2005 fish kills
----------------------------------------
A virus strain responsible for the deaths of sheephead in Lake Ontario last year
was as the cause of the massive die-off of freshwater drum, or sheephead, in
western Lake Erie, a state biologist said yesterday. Source: The Toledo Blade
(5/26)
American Niagara Falls to dwindle to trickle
----------------------------------------
According to an innovative new study in futuristic geology, the United States is
going to lose its side of Niagara Falls, giving Canada -- if it still exists,
that is -- a rock-solid hold on the honeymoon market -- of the next millennium.
Source: Saskatoon StarPhoenix (5/26)
Mercury concerns on the Range
----------------------------------------
New industries proposed for the Iron Range in Minnesota are stirring an old
concern. Mercury pollution has already forced fish consumption advisories in
area lakes including Lake Superior. Source: Minnesota Public Radio (5/26)
Bill could open state forests to logging, mining
----------------------------------------
Proposed bills in the Michigan Legislature could open state forests to logging
and mining if not specifically protected. Source: The Oakland Press (5/26)
DNR asking fishermen to keep watch
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The goal of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources' Anglers Monitoring
Network is to keep bad things from happening to the neighborhood. Source: The
Port Huron Times-Herald (5/26)
Great Lakes research forum scheduled
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The North American Society for Oceanic History will meet jointly with members of
the Canadian Nautical Research Society and the Society for Nautical Research to
present "Charting the Inland Seas: Recent Studies in Great Lakes Research."
Source: Manitowoc Herald Times Reporter (5/26)
Team resumes search for plane lost in 1950
----------------------------------------
A search has resumed in Lake Michigan for a near-forgotten Northwest Airlines
DC-4 that crashed in a storm 56 years ago and took 58 lives. Source: Chicago
Tribune (5/25)
Tom Ridge center opens in Erie after decade of planning
----------------------------------------
After nearly a decade of planning and construction, the $31 million Tom Ridge
Environmental Center at Presque Isle State Park opens to the public today.
Source: Centre Daily (5/25)
Did you miss a day of Daily News? Remember to use our searchable story
archive at http://www.great-lakes.net/news/inthenews.html
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Saturday, April 29, 2006
UW-Madison News Release--Clean Energy Symposium
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
4/28/06
CONTACT: Erhard Joeres, (608) 273-1110, joeres@engr.wisc.edu
SYMPOSIUM EXPLORES 'CLEAN' ENERGY SOURCES
MADISON — Notable energy experts from across the United States and as far away as France will consider energy-production impacts and choices at a symposium hosted by the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
The symposium will be held Monday and Tuesday, May 8-9, at Monona Terrace Community and Convention Center in Madison.
"Consider the Alternatives: Options for Energy Production from Non-Carbon-Emitting Sources" is the theme of the event, which features nearly a dozen speakers from government, academia and industry.
Stanley Bull, associate director for science and technology at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and Mark Little, senior vice president and director of global research for General Electric Corp., will give keynote presentations.
"It is clear that we need to explore the development and utilization of new technologies and fuel supplies to protect the environment, achieve energy independence and strengthen Wisconsin's economy," says symposium coordinator Erhard Joeres, professor emeritus of civil and environmental engineering and environmental studies at UW-Madison.
Joeres says the prospect of worldwide climate change, especially global warming, resulting from human activity has moved beyond speculation to questions of how quickly it may occur and how high temperatures will rise.
"A key factor in climate change is the discharge of materials like carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which creates the 'greenhouse effect,'" he explains. "The combustion of carbon-based fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas is a major source of [carbon dioxide] — the primary greenhouse gas — and other substances implicated in a number of environmental problems."
Other consequences of fossil fuel use include acid rain, mercury-contaminated fish in Wisconsin lakes and heightened occurrences of asthma, emphysema and other human illnesses, according to Joeres. And because there are no fossil fuel reserves in Wisconsin, every dollar spent to purchase them leaves the state.
"All of these are compelling reasons for us to pursue and develop large-scale alternative energy sources," says Joeres.
The symposium will address current climate change, human and environmental health impacts linked to carbon-based fuels, and options, policy choices and political impediments to the use of non-carbon-emitting energy sources.
Joeres says the meeting is intended for policy makers, public- and private-sector energy and environmental professionals, educators, students and citizens.
Co-sponsors are the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, the Department of Engineering Physics, the College of Engineering, the Energy Institute and the Office of the Chancellor at UW-Madison; the S.C. Johnson Foundation of Racine; and the Energy Center of Wisconsin.
For an agenda, speaker biographies, registration information and additional details, visit http://www.nelson.wisc.edu/outreach/energy2006.
###
- Tom Sinclair, (608) 263-5599
****************************************************
For questions or comments about UW-Madison's email
news release system, please send an email to:
releases@news.wisc.edu
For more UW-Madison news, please visit:
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University Communications
University of Wisconsin-Madison
27 Bascom Hall
500 Lincoln Drive
Madison, WI 53706
Phone: (608) 262-3571
Fax: (608) 262-2331
Thursday, April 27, 2006
Wednesday, April 12, 2006
UW-Madison News Release--Lester Brown Lecture
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
4/12/06
CONTACT: Tom Sinclair, (608) 263-5599, tksincla@wisc.edu
ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCATE TO LECTURE ON WORLD POPULATION
MADISON - An environmental advocate who The Washington Post has called "one of the world's most influential thinkers" will give a free public lecture on Thursday, April 20, at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Lester Brown will speak at 7:30 p.m. in 272 Bascom Hall, 500 Lincoln Drive, on world population and other topics covered in his latest book, "Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble."
Brown, the founder and president of the Washington, D.C.-based Earth Policy Institute, helped pioneer the concept of environmentally sustainable development. Educated in agriculture, economics, and public administration, he has studied global issues related to food, population, water, climate change and renewable energy. His writings on those and other subjects have been translated into some 40 languages.
For 26 years, Brown was president of the Worldwatch Institute, the first independent research organization devoted to global environmental issues, which he founded in 1974. While there, he launched the World Watch Papers, the Worldwatch/Norton books, the annual "State of the World" report, the bimonthly magazine World Watch and the annual publication "Vital Signs."
His many prizes and awards include more than 20 honorary degrees, a MacArthur Fellowship, the 1987 United Nations' Environment Prize, the 1989 World Wide Fund for Nature Gold Medal and the 1994 Blue Planet Prize for his "exceptional contributions to solving global environmental problems."
Brown's UW-Madison lecture is the fourth in a series honoring the late Wisconsin governor and U.S. Sen. Gaylord Nelson, a lifelong champion of environmental stewardship and the founder of Earth Day, which is celebrated annually on April 22.
The lecture is sponsored by the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, with support from the Holstrom Environmental Endowment and the Kemper K. Knapp Bequest. For more information, contact Tom Sinclair at (608) 263-5599 or tksincla@wisc.edu.
###
- Tom Sinclair, (608) 263-5599
****************************************************
For questions or comments about UW-Madison's email
news release system, please send an email to:
releases@news.wisc.edu
For more UW-Madison news, please visit:
http://www.news.wisc.edu/
University Communications
University of Wisconsin-Madison
27 Bascom Hall
500 Lincoln Drive
Madison, WI 53706
Phone: (608) 262-3571
Fax: (608) 262-2331
Tuesday, April 11, 2006
Manufacturing power from manure
special report Start-ups are finding new forms of energy in an unlikely source: barnyard animals.
Mon Apr 10 04:00:00 PDT 2006 | Read the story
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